Abnormal sperm parameters

1)Necrozoospermia:patients who occasionally may present 100% immotile sperms.Causes:infections (E.coli chronic prostatitis or immobilizing antisperm antibodies).

Absolute necrozoospermia (when all sperms are dead) : in case of axonemel defects such as immotile cilia syndrome.

2)Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia:

The cause is unknown.

Causes of aspermia:

-anejaculation due to spasm (functional);

-obstruction to ejaculatory ducts;

-retrograde ejaculation;

-nocturnal emissions;

-vibratory/electroejaculatory sample;

-prostatic massage;

-retrograde ejaculation-retrieval of sperm from bladder;

-transrectal aspiration from dilated seminal vesicle/seminal vesicle cyst.

3)Azoospermia:

Obstructive azoospermia:

-Postinfection:smallpox,tuberculosis,nonspecific infections;

-Postsurgical obstruction:hydrocele,inguinal hernia repair,vasectomy;

-Congenital bilateral absence of vas/blind ending vas/spermatocele;

-Ejaculatory duct obstructions.

Nonobstructive azoospermia:

-SCOS (Sertoli cell only syndrome),germ cell aplasia;

-maturation arrest;

-hypospermatogenesis;

-fibrosis and atrophy;

-postmumps orchitis;

-cryptorchidism;

-torsion testis;

-chronic epididymoorchitis;

-surgical implantation of testis into thigh;

-postchemotherapy.

Johannesburg

South Africa